Byte Operators

TEAL byte slices are similar to strings and can be manipulated in the same way.

Length

The length of a byte slice can be obtained using the Len expression. For example:

Len(Bytes("")) # will produce 0
Len(Bytes("algorand")) # will produce 8

Concatenation

Byte slices can be combined using the Concat expression. This expression takes at least two arguments and produces a new byte slice consisting of each argument, one after another. For example:

Concat(Bytes("a"), Bytes("b"), Bytes("c")) # will produce "abc"

Substring Extraction

Byte slices can be extracted from other byte slices using the Substring and Extract expressions. These expressions are extremely similar, except one specifies a substring by start and end indexes, while the other uses a start index and length. Use whichever makes sense for your application.

Substring

The Substring expression can extract part of a byte slice given start and end indices. For example:

Substring(Bytes("algorand"), Int(2), Int(8)) # will produce "gorand"

Extract

Note

Extract is only available in TEAL version 5 or higher.

The Extract expression can extract part of a byte slice given the start index and length. For example:

Extract(Bytes("algorand"), Int(2), Int(6)) # will produce "gorand"

Manipulating Individual Bits and Bytes

The individual bits and bytes in a byte string can be extracted and changed. See Bit and Byte Operations for more information.